Alkenes And Aromatics,Used

Review '... a useful ... text for firstyear undergraduates.' Chemical Educator, Vol 7, No 6, 2002, p 388389.'Overall the material both in the book and on disc are very well presented ... provides an excellent learning environment which ... is structured to encourage independent learning.' Physical Sciences Educational Reviews, No 6, June 2003'... much to commend ... to the inquisitive sixthformer and also to the teacher ... cannot be more highly recommended.' School Science Review, Issue No 308, 2003 Product Description Alkenes and Aromatics examines the reaction mechanisms associated with carboncarbon double bonds, and then goes on to look at aromatic substitution (nitration, halogenation, sulfonation and Friedel Crafts reactions). The formation and reactions of diazonium ions are also discussed. This knowledge is then applied to the synthesis of pseudoephedrine, highlighting the key aspects of synthesis, such as yields, stereochemistry and reaction conditions. A Case Study on the organic chemical industry completes the book, providing a background as to why understanding organic reactions is so important. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multimedia interactive CDROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CDROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.) Excerpt. Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. Alkenes and AromaticsBy Peter TaylorThe Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright 2002 The Open UniversityAll rights reserved.ISBN: 9780854046805ContentsPART 1 ADDITION PATHWAYS AND PRODUCTS, 1 ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKENES, 11, 2 OTHER USEFUL ADDITION REACTIONS, 28, LEARNING OUTCOMES, 32, QUESTIONS: ANSWERS AND COMMENTS, 33, FURTHER READING, 36, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 36, PART 2 AROMATIC COMPOUNDS, 1 INTRODUCTION, 39, 2 THE STRUCTURE AND STABILITY OF BENZENE, 42, 3 ELECTRO PHI LIC AROMATIC SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS, 45, 4 THE EFFECTS OF SUBSTITUENTS, 61, 5 DIAZOIMIUM SALTS, 68, APPENDIX SUMMARY OF REACTIONS USEFUL IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS, 75, LEARNING OUTCOMES, 77, QUESTIONS: ANSWERS AND COMMENTS, 78, FURTHER READING, 88, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 88, PART 3 A FIRST LOOK AT SYNTHESIS, 1 STRATEGY FOR THE DISCOVERY OF NEW DRUGS, 91, 2 COMPOUNDS THAT MIMIC THE ACTION OF NOR ADRENALINE AGONISTS, 96, 3 THE TARGET: AMINO ALCOHOLS, 101, 4 PLANNING THE SYNTHESIS OF PSEUDOEPHEDRINE, 102, 5 CARRYING OUT THE SYNTHESIS, 111, 6 THE SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ALCOHOLS, 122, 7 A DIFFERENT WAY OF LOOKING AT SYNTHETIC EFFICIENCY, 124, LEARNING OUTCOMES, 130, QUESTIONS: ANSWERS AND COMMENTS, 131, FURTHER READING, 136, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 136, CASE STUDY: INDUSTRIAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 1 INTRODUCTION, 139, 2 PETROCHEMICALS, 144, 3 SPECIALITY AND FINE CHEMICALS, 162, 4 WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE FOSSIL FUELS RUN OUT?, 170, FURTHER READING, 172, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 172, INDEX, 173, CHAPTER 1ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKENES1.1 IntroductionAddition reactions are those in which atoms or groups add to a molecule containing a double or triple bond, thereby reducing the degree of unsaturation; they are the reverse of elimination reactions. Some typical examples of addition reactions are shown below:[FORMULA NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.1)[FORMULA NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.2)[FORMULA NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.3)[FORMULA NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (1.4)We shall concentrate on addition to alkenes. Although alkynes tend to undergo the same types of reaction, we shall not discuss their reactions in detail.* Alkenes generally react by ionic mechanisms involving nucleophiles and electrophiles. Give definitions for each of these terms.* nucleophile can