Title
Attosecond Photoemission from Surfaces and Interfaces: Timeresolved investigation of ultrafast electron dynamics in condensed m,Used
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This work describes experiments aiming at the observation of ultrafast dynamics of photoexcited electrons in condensed matter that evolves on a subfemtosecond time scale. The experimental scheme providing this unprecedented time resolution draws on the simultaneous illumination of a solid surface with the electric fields of two different light pulses: photoelectrons generated by an extremeultraviolet (XUV) pulse, with only a few hundred attoseconds in duration, are modulated in their final kinetic energy by a precisely synchronized, phasecontrolled light field of a nearinfrared femtosecond laser pulse. A detailed analysis of these modulations for electrons ejected from different electronic states of the solid allows access to relative time delays occurring during the photoemission process. The capability of this method for clocking electron emission from metal surfaces with a precision of only a few attoseconds is demonstrated. In the quest of exploring the origin of these temporal phenomena in solidstate photoemission, experiments on different single crystals and welldefined metaladsorbate interfaces have been performed. These measurements emphasize the extreme sensitiv
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