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'Black but Human': Slavery and Visual Arts in Hapsburg Spain, 14801700,Used
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'Black but Human' is the first study to focus on the visual representations of African slaves and exslaves in Spain during the Hapsburg dynasty. The AfroHispanic proverb 'Black but Human' is the main thread of the six chapters and serves as a lens through which to explore the ways in which a certain visual representation of slavery both embodies and reproduces hegemonic visions of enslaved and liberated Africans, and at the same time provides material for critical and emancipatory practices by AfroHispanics themselves.The African presence in the Iberian Peninsula between the late fifteenth century and the end of the seventeenth century was as a result of the institutionalization of the local and transatlantic slave trades. In addition to the Moors, Berbers and Turks born as slaves, there were approximately two million enslaved people in the kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and Portugal. The 'Black but Human' topos that emerges from the African work songs and poems written by AfroHispanics encodes the multilayered processes through which a black emancipatory subject emerges and a 'black nation' forges a collective resistance. It is visually articulated by AfroHispanic and Spanish artists in religious paintings and in the genres of selfportraiture and portraiture. This extraordinary imagery coexists with the stereotypical representations of African slaves and exslaves by Spanish sculptors, engravers, jewellers, and painters mainly in the religious visual form and by European draftsmen and miniaturists, in their landscape drawings and sketches for costume books.
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