Title
Black oak decline on New York's Long Island: Association with a cynipid gall wasp,Used
Delivery time: 8-12 business days (International)
Severe dieback on black oak trees on New York's Long Island was first apparent in the late 1980s. A twig galling cynipid wasp and a fungal canker were associated with crown dieback. Symptoms were more severe in residential and urban park "ecotypes" than forested areas. Residual gall wasp populations from within twigs were compared among ecotypes and three crown categories (low, moderate and severe dieback). Insect populations were significantly greater on trees with severe crown dieback in residential areas and urban parks. In forested areas, insect numbers were similar among crown categories. Radial growth differed significantly between trees with severe and low crown dieback prior to 1980 in one residential area, one forested area and both urban parks. High numbers of gall wasps associated with urban areas, combined with previous stressors, are likely to have contributed to the greater severity of decline in parks and residential areas than forested areas.
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Shipping & Returns
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We ship your order within 2–3 business days for USA deliveries and 5–8 business days for international shipments. Once your package has been dispatched from our warehouse, you'll receive an email confirmation with a tracking number, allowing you to track the status of your delivery.
Returns
To facilitate a smooth return process, a Return Authorization (RA) Number is required for all returns. Returns without a valid RA number will be declined and may incur additional fees. You can request an RA number within 15 days of the original delivery date. For more details, please refer to our Return & Refund Policy page.
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Warranty
We provide a 2-year limited warranty, from the date of purchase for all our products.
If you believe you have received a defective product, or are experiencing any problems with your product, please contact us.
This warranty strictly does not cover damages that arose from negligence, misuse, wear and tear, or not in accordance with product instructions (dropping the product, etc.).
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Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.
We accept payments with :
Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Paypal, Shopify Payments, Shop Pay and more.