Title
Collective Courage: A History of African American Cooperative Economic Thought and Practice,Used
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In Collective Courage, Jessica Gordon Nembhard chronicles African American cooperative business ownership and its place in the movements for Black civil rights and economic equality. Not since W. E. B. Du Boiss 1907 Economic Cooperation Among Negro Americans has there been a fulllength, nationwide study of African American cooperatives. Collective Courage extends that story into the twentyfirst century. Many of the players are well known in the history of the African American experience: Du Bois, A. Philip Randolph and the Ladies' Auxiliary to the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Nannie Helen Burroughs, Fannie Lou Hamer, Ella Jo Baker, George Schuyler and the Young Negroes Cooperative League, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Panther Party. Adding the cooperative movement to Black history results in a retelling of the African American experience, with an increased understanding of African American collective economic agency and grassroots economic organizing.To tell the story, Gordon Nembhard uses a variety of newspapers, period magazines, and journals; coops articles of incorporation, minutes from annual meetings, newsletters, budgets, and income statements; and scholarly books, memoirs, and biographies. These sources reveal the achievements and challenges of Black coops, collective economic action, and social entrepreneurship. Gordon Nembhard finds that African Americans, as well as other people of color and lowincome people, have benefitted greatly from cooperative ownership and democratic economic participation throughout the nations history.
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