Creating Networks In Chemistry: The Founding And Early History Of Chemical Societies In Europe (Special Publications),Used

Excerpt. Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.Creating Networks in ChemistryThe Founding and Early History of Chemical Societies in EuropeBy Anita Kildebk Nielsen, Sona Strbanova The Royal Society of ChemistryCopyright 2008 The Royal Society of ChemistryAll rights reserved.ISBN: 9780854042791ContentsChapter 1 AUSTRIA: Austrian Chemical Societies in the Last Decades of the Habsburg Monarchy, 18691914 W. Gerhard Pohl,Chapter 2 BELGIUM: From Industry to Academia: The Belgian Chemical Society, 18871914 Brigitte Van Tiggelen and Hendrik Deelstra,Chapter 2 CZECH LANDS: Chemical Socieies as Multifuctional Social Elements in the Czech Lands, 18661919 Sona Strbanova,Chapter 4 DENMARK: Creating a Danish Identity in Chemistry between Pharmacy and Engineering, 18791914 Anita Kildebk Nielsen,Chapter 5 FRANCE: The Chemical Society of France in Its Formative Years, 18571914: Disciplinary Identity and the Struggle for Unity Ulrike Fell and Alan Rocke,Chapter 6 GERMANY: Discipline Industry Profession. German Chemical Organizations, 18671914 Jeffrey Allan Johnson,Chapter 7 GREAT BRITAIN: Chemical Societies and the Demarcation of the British Chemical Community, 18701914 Robin Mackie,Chapter 8 HUNGARY: Scientific Community of an Emancipating Nation: Chemical Societies in Hungary before 1914 Eva Katalin Vamos,Chapter 9 THE NETHERLANDS: Keeping the Ranks Closed: The Dutch Chemical Society, 19031914 Ernst Homburg,Chapter 10 NORWAY: A Group of Chemists in the Polytechnic Society in Christiania. The Norwegian Chemical Society, 18931916 Bjrn Pedersen,Chapter 11 POLAND: Chemists in a Divided Country. The Longlasting Genesis and Early History of the Polish Chemical Society, 1767 1923 Halina Lichocka,Chapter 12 PORTUGAL: Tackling a Complex Chemical Equation: The Portuguese Society of Chemistry, 19111926 Vanda Leito, Ana Carneiro and Ana Simoes,Chapter 13 RUSSIA: The Formation of the Russian Chemical Society and Its History until 1914 Nathan M. Brooks, Masanori Kaji and Elena Zaitseva,Chapter 14 SWEDEN: The Chemical Society in Sweden: Eclecticism in Chemistry, 18831914 Anders Lundgren,Chapter 15 Creating Networks in Chemistry Some Lessons Learned Anita Kildebk Nielsen and Sona Strbanova,List of Contributors, 349,Notes on Contributors, 352,Index of Names, 358,Index of Institutions and Journals, 367,Subject Index, 390,CHAPTER 1AUSTRIA: Austrian Chemical Societies in the Last Decades of the Habsburg Monarchy, 18691914W. GERHARD POHL1.1 Chemistry Development and Chemical Education in AustriaChemical industries in the Habsburg monarchy in most cases were developed in connection with mining, brewing and metallurgical engineering. Many parts of Central Europe, which are today the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, parts of Poland, Romania or Ukraine, were in the nineteenth century parts of the Austrian Empire. After 1848, and particularly in the Dual Monarchy after 1867, Hungary succeeded to develop independently.Bohemia and Moravia (the Czech Lands) belonged economically and intellectually to the most developed part of the Empire, in which Czech and Germanspeaking people lived. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the language of education was German in all institutions of higher learning but after 1869 a parallel polytechnic and in 1882 a parallel university were established in Prague, in which the language of education and research was Czech. As the German University in Prague and the German technical universities in Prague and Brno were closely integrated with all other Austrian institutions of higher learning (in Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, etc.) we consider the development of chemistry in these institutions, in which the language of instruction was German, as being part of the history of Austrian chemistry.A considerable part of the rapidly developing chemical industry was owned or run by 'Germans', often with their headquarters in Vienna, and therefore we also consider th