Title
Design of LowVoltage Bipolar Operational Amplifiers (The Springer International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, 218,Used
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Design of LowVoltage Bipolar Operational Amplifiers discusses the subcircuits necessary to build a lowvoltage operational amplifier. These include railtorail input stages, railtorail output stages, intermediate stages, protection circuitry and frequency compensation techniques. Of each of these, various implementations are examined. Furthermore, the book discusses realizations in silicon of the amplifiers.The design and implementation of lowvoltage bipolar Operational Amplifiers (OpAmps) is fully presented. A low supply voltage is necessary because the tendency towards chip components of smaller dimensions lowers the breakdown voltage of these components. Further, a low supply voltage is favorable because it enables operation of the OpAmp from just one single battery cell. The bipolar technology is chosen, because it is more suited for operation at lowvoltages than the MOS technology.The commonmode input voltage of the OpAmp must be able to have any value that fits within the supply voltage range. Input stages are discussed which are able to realize this at supply voltages down to 1.8 V, as well as down to 1 V.The output voltage of the OpAmp must be able to have any value within the supply voltage range. One of the 1 V output stages that is discussed, the multipath driven output stage, also has a high bandwidth with a high gain.In addition to the input and output stage, the OpAmp comprises an intermediate stage, between the input stage and the output stage, to boost the overall gain of the OpAmp, and a class AB current control.A frequency compensation technique is used to split apart the pole frequencies in the transfer function. A disadvantage of this nested Miller compensation, is that the resulting bandwidth is reduced by a factor of two. A new method, multipathdriven Miller compensation, which does not have this drawback, is therefore introduced.Several realizations are evaluated and a figure of merit is defined for the performance comparison of the OpAmps. One of the OpAmps operates at a 1 V supply, has a 3.4 MHz bandwidth with a 100 pF load and has a 700 &mgr;A supply current.The book is an excellent reference for professional designers of amplifiers and may be used as a text for advanced courses on the subject.
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