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The persistent exposure of bacterial strains to a multitude of betalactams has led to overproduction and mutation of Betalactamases. These lactamases are capable of hydrolyzing penicillins, broadspectrum cephalosporins, monobactams, cephamycins, carbapenems, in addition to other classes of antimicrobial agents. Thus, these new lactamases are called as extendedspectrumlactamases (ESBLs), AmpC lactamases and carbapenemases. In Iraq, little attention has been paid to the genetic factors controlling production of AmpC and carbapenemases by Gramnegative bacteria. Therefore, there is an increase demand to investigate the role of these bacterial isolates in hospital infections. This book provides a new data on the dissemination of AmpC and carbapenemaseproducing E. coli and Klebsiella species in Iraqi hospitals as well as detection the genetic factors controlling production of these lactamases.
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birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
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