Title
End of Monopoly: Competition in Electric MarketsComparative Studies: End of Monopoly and Entry of Competition in Electricity Ma,Used
Delivery time: 8-12 business days (International)
Electricity has over the last 50 years been recognised as a natural monopoly, with almost universal operation as a vertically integrated state owned enterprise or as a private firm with public regulation. Since the 1980s combined cycle gas turbine and smart metering technologies have ushered in very powerful forces which have increasingly led to separation of the industry into a competitive generation and a retail supply sector and a regulated network natural monopoly sector. Whilst privatisation has been seen as a necessary condition for efficiency improvements it is competition which has provided the necessary incentive for increased efficiency gains and the maximisation of consumer welfare. The result is that new institutional forms; single buyer, wholesale bulk electricity market and retail competition have transformed the industrys landscape. There are however, strong vertical economies which continue to present problems of market power, despite physical separation. Governments however are now presented with new institutional policy options to better shape the future of the industry.
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Shipping & Returns
Shipping
We ship your order within 2–3 business days for USA deliveries and 5–8 business days for international shipments. Once your package has been dispatched from our warehouse, you'll receive an email confirmation with a tracking number, allowing you to track the status of your delivery.
Returns
To facilitate a smooth return process, a Return Authorization (RA) Number is required for all returns. Returns without a valid RA number will be declined and may incur additional fees. You can request an RA number within 15 days of the original delivery date. For more details, please refer to our Return & Refund Policy page.
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This warranty strictly does not cover damages that arose from negligence, misuse, wear and tear, or not in accordance with product instructions (dropping the product, etc.).
Warranty
We provide a 2-year limited warranty, from the date of purchase for all our products.
If you believe you have received a defective product, or are experiencing any problems with your product, please contact us.
This warranty strictly does not cover damages that arose from negligence, misuse, wear and tear, or not in accordance with product instructions (dropping the product, etc.).
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Secure Payment
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.
We accept payments with :
Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Paypal, Shopify Payments, Shop Pay and more.