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The twentieth century saw significant increases in both life expectancy and retirement rateschanges that have had dramatic impacts on nearly every aspect of society and the economy. Forecasting future trends in health and retirement rates, as we must do now, requires investigation of such longterm trends and their causes.To that end, this book draws on new dataan extensive longitudinal survey of Union Army veterans born between 1820 and 1850to examine the factors that affected health and labor force participation in nineteenthcentury America. Contributors consider the impacts of a variety of conditionsincluding social class, wealth, occupation, family, and communityon the morbidity and mortality of the group. The papers investigate and address a number of special topics, including the influence of previous exposure to infectious disease, migration, and community factors such as lead in water mains. They also analyze the roles of income, health, and social class in retirement decisions, paying particular attention to the social context of disability.Economists and historians who specialize in demography or labor, as well as those who study public health, will welcome the unique contributions offered by this book, which offers a clearer view than ever before of the workings and complexities of life, death, and labor during the nineteenth century.
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birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
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