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La historiografa coincide en que el siglo XIX espaol es el ms convulso de la historia de Espaa y en el que el ejrcito alcanz un mayor protagonismo en el orden interno, lo que ayuda a entender su historia contempornea segn una de las clasves ms esenciales: el nunca bien resuelto conflicto entre el poder militar y el poder civil. Tras el desarrollo de la guerra de la Independencia, a cargo de Miguel Artola, Julio Albi se encarga de los ejrcitos realistas en la emancipacin americana, desde los primeros movimientos independentistas protagonizados por la oligarqua criolla que se erige en portavoz de unos sentimientos y eleva a una pretendida categora nacional sus intereses de clase. Son las ltimas campaas del ejrcito real. El ya nacional lo tratan en su composicin y organizacin Fernando Puell de la Villa, estructurado en grandes epgrafes cronolgicos, y Agustn Rodrguez Gonzlez por lo que respecta a la armada, de la que traza una trayectoria de decadencia en el primer tercio del siglo, resurgimiento isabelino, crisis del Sexenio Revolucionario, reconstruccin y modernizacin de la Restauracin y el Desastre, por antonomasia, del 98. Los presupuestos comunes son expuestos por Francisco Comn en el estudio de una evolucin del gasto que abarca de la guerra artesanal a la industrial. A continuacin se analizan los diferentes escenarios blicos. Las guerras carlistas, las intervenciones en el exterior de mediados de siglo y las finiseculares corresponden a Jos Ramn Urquijo Goitia, a Emilio de Diego y a Antonio Elorza, respectivamente. Las relaciones entre ejrcito y sociedad son estudiadas por Francisco Vanaclocha, en lo relativo al militarismo e ideologa militar, y por Jess Cantera Montenegro, en lo que respecta a la imagen del ejrcito en la sociedad espaola.
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birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
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