Title
INDIVIDUAL AND COMBINED NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF CYANOBACTERIAL TOXINS: Neurotoxic potential of Microcystins,Used
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Toxic cyanobacteria are abundant in marine and freshwaters including rivers, lakes and drinking water reservoirs. Dating back to George Franciss first publication in 1878, numerous cyanobacterial poisonings of aquatic and terrestrial animals as well as humans have been reported worldwide. This is especially true for Microcystins a group of serine/threoninespecific protein phosphatase inhibitors with more than 80 variants. Whereas the hepatotoxic potential of MicrocystinLR is well characterized, organ and cell type specific toxicity induced by other Microcystin variants is poorly understood. This study presented here clearly revealed that organic anion transporting polypeptides play a crucial role in the neuronal uptake of Microcystins and that the uptake and subsequent neurotoxicity is highly dependent on the Microcystin variant. If these observations can be extrapolated to the human, they not only explain the observed neurotoxicity in the Caruaru accident, but also highlight the problem of using only Microcystin LR, as the basis for Microcystin related human risk assessment.
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Shipping & Returns
Shipping
We ship your order within 2–3 business days for USA deliveries and 5–8 business days for international shipments. Once your package has been dispatched from our warehouse, you'll receive an email confirmation with a tracking number, allowing you to track the status of your delivery.
Returns
To facilitate a smooth return process, a Return Authorization (RA) Number is required for all returns. Returns without a valid RA number will be declined and may incur additional fees. You can request an RA number within 15 days of the original delivery date. For more details, please refer to our Return & Refund Policy page.
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Warranty
We provide a 2-year limited warranty, from the date of purchase for all our products.
If you believe you have received a defective product, or are experiencing any problems with your product, please contact us.
This warranty strictly does not cover damages that arose from negligence, misuse, wear and tear, or not in accordance with product instructions (dropping the product, etc.).
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Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.
We accept payments with :
Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Paypal, Shopify Payments, Shop Pay and more.