Title
Integration of Renewable Energy Systems,Used
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Energy efficiency measures are generally less expensive than a renewableenergy (RE) system to provide the same amount of energy saved. TheEnergy Information Administration reports that, on average, a dollarspent on efficiency saves $2 off the cost of a renewable energy systemto provide the same amount of energy [IEA, 2011]. But as the sayinggoes "you can't save yourself rich" and having installed sophisticated controlsand efficient systems, we need some source of energy to powerthem. Onsite renewable energy systems offer several advantages, especiallywhen operated in concert with a larger utility system. The mainreasons to consider RE is costeffectiveness, but other reasons are asdiverse as: reduction of atmospheric emissions; compliance with regulationsrequiring RE; enhanced reliability through redundant energy supply;abate risks related to fuel availability and cost, or risk of fuelspillsduring delivery; score points in a sustainability rating; or as a mitigationmeasure in a larger environmentalpermitting process. Renewableenergy technologies used on buildings include daylighting; solar photovoltaics;solar water heating; solar ventilation air preheating; passivesolar heating and cooling load avoidance; wind power; biomass heat (orcogeneration as discussed in Chapter 8); anaerobic digestion of waste;and geothermal heat. Ground source heat pumps are also often considered,inpart, RE systems. Daylighting and the envelope measures(passive heating and cooling) are often considered efficiency measures,but daylighting is a direct and obvious use of solar energy in buildings,and photovoltaics (PV), Solar Water Heating and Solar VentilationAir preheating are technologies to consider on any building project. Weeven consider an example of hydroelectric power on the water supply toa building.We cover the operating principle of each type of system, list componentsand provide schematic diagram of how components are assembledinto systems; provide information for cost estimate and life cycle costcalculation, describe how system size may be optimized to minimize lifecycle cost, and we stress the importance of operations and maintenance(O&M) over a long performance period. Significant emphasis is placed onintegration of RE into the conventional utility system, at both thesite level and from the perspective of the larger utility system, so thatsavings due to the RE may be realized without compromising the reliabilityof the system. Case studies are presented to exemplify applicationof each technology.
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