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Howard Pattee is a physicist who for many years has taken his own path in studying the physics of symbols, which is now a foundation for biosemiotics. By extending von Neumanns logical requirements for selfreplication, to the physical requirements of symbolic instruction at the molecular level, he concludes that a form of quantum measurement is necessary for life. He explains why all nondynamic symbolic and informational controls act as special (allosteric) constraints on dynamical systems. Pattee also points out that symbols do not exist in isolation but in coordinated symbol systems we call languages. Such insights turn out to be necessary to situate biosemiotics as an objective scientific endeavor. By proposing a way to relate quiescent symbolic constraints to dynamics, Pattees work builds a bridge between physical, biological, and psychological models that are based on dynamical systems theory. Pattees work awakes new interest in cognitive scientists, where his recognition of the necessary separationthe epistemic cutbetween the subject and object provides a basis for a complementary third way of relating the purely symbolic, computational models of cognition and the purely dynamic, nonrepresentational models. This selection of Pattees papers also addresses several other fields, including hierarchy theory, artificial life, selforganization, complexity theory, and the complementary epistemologies of the physical and biological sciences.
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