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Help
If you have any questions, you are always welcome to contact us. We'll get back to you as soon as possible, withing 24 hours on weekdays.
Customer service
All questions about your order, return and delivery must be sent to our customer service team by e-mail at yourstore@yourdomain.com
Sale & Press
If you are interested in selling our products, need more information about our brand or wish to make a collaboration, please contact us at press@yourdomain.com
Mitochondria are ubiquitous membranebound organelles that produce about 90% of the energy necessary for cellular function via oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondria play central roles in metabolism, signaling, and programmed cell death. Mitochondria have their own genetic system (called mtDNA) that is expressed through replication, transcription and translation. Its genome comprises of 16,569 base pairs and contains 37 coding genes. Of them, 13 genes encode proteins that are involved in different components of electron transport chain including complex I, Complex III, Complex IV and ATPase synthase. Mutation in these genes enhanced reactive oxygen species production, thereby leading to more oxidative damage of mtDNA and augmented the ROS generation by vicious circle. This excess ROS production ultimately damage cellular molecules including lipid, protein and nucleic acids and causes abnormal cell and/or cell damage. In addition, ROS might activate cell signaling and lead to apoptosis cell death. This review focused on toxic effects of ROS and their antioxidant defenses.
⚠️ WARNING (California Proposition 65):
This product may contain chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer,
birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
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⚠️ California Proposition 65 Warning: Some products sold on this website may expose you to chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm. For more information, visit www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.