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Modeling of TIMSS data: This study will be of great use to many Behavioral and Social researchers including graduate students who use quantitative methods to analyze nested (or multilevel data). A twolevel hierarchical linear modeling technique is employed. Missing data issues are discussed. In particular, a comparison is made between the results obtained when treating missing data at level2 using listwise deletion and by substitution using expected maximization. Briefly,the study offers a holistic examination of mathematics learning in schools taking Botswana as an example using data from IEA?s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) of 2003. The analyzed sample was comprised of 4,805 students in 136 schools. Part of the theoretical framework for variable selection was based on six factors from the Rand model. The six factors were student background and attitude (at the individual level) and schoolquality, teacherattribute, and instructionalquality (at the schoollevel), with mathematics achievement as the outcome factor.
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