
Title

Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind & its Challenge to Western Thought,Used
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What are human beings like? How is knowledge possible? What is truth? Where do moral values come from? Questions like these have stood at the center of Western philosophy for centuries. In addressing them, philosophers have made certain fundamental assumptionsthat we can know our own minds by introspection, that most of our thinking about the world is literal, and that reason is disembodied and universalthat are now called into question by wellestablished results of cognitive science. It has been shown empirically that: Most thought is unconscious. We have no direct conscious access to the mechanisms of thought and language. Our ideas go by too quickly and at too deep a level for us to observe them in any simple way. Abstract concepts are mostly metaphorical. Much of the subject matter of philosophy, such as the nature of time, morality, causation, the mind, and the self, relies heavily on basic metaphors derived from bodily experience. What is literal in our reasoning about such concepts is minimal and conceptually impoverished. All the richness comes from metaphor. For instance, we have two mutually incompatible metaphors for time, both of which represent it as movement through space: in one it is a flow past us and in the other a spatial dimension we move along. Mind is embodied. Thought requires a bodynot in the trivial sense that you need a physical brain to think with, but in the profound sense that the very structure of our thoughts comes from the nature of the body. Nearly all of our unconscious metaphors are based on common bodily experiences. Most of the central themes of the Western philosophical tradition are called into question by these findings. The Cartesian person, with a mind wholly separate from the body, does not exist. The Kantian person, capable of moral action according to the dictates of a universal reason, does not exist. The phenomenological person, capable of knowing his or her mind entirely through introspection alone, does not exist. The utilitarian person, the Chomskian person, the poststructuralist person, the computational person, and the person defined by analytic philosophy all do not exist. Then what does? Lakoff and Johnson show that a philosophy responsible to the science of mind offers radically new and detailed understandings of what a person is. After first describing the philosophical stance that must follow from taking cognitive science seriously, they reexamine the basic concepts of the mind, time, causation, morality, and the self: then they rethink a host of philosophical traditions, from the classical Greeks through Kantian morality through modern analytic philosophy. They reveal the metaphorical structure underlying each mode of thought and show how the metaphysics of each theory flows from its metaphors. Finally, they take on two major issues of twentiethcentury philosophy: how we conceive rationality, and how we conceive language.
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We provide a 2-year limited warranty, from the date of purchase for all our products.
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This warranty strictly does not cover damages that arose from negligence, misuse, wear and tear, or not in accordance with product instructions (dropping the product, etc.).
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Frequently Asked Questions
- Q: What is the main argument of 'Philosophy in the Flesh'? A: 'Philosophy in the Flesh' argues that human thought and understanding are deeply rooted in our bodily experiences, challenging traditional Western philosophical assumptions about the mind and reason.
- Q: Who is the author of 'Philosophy in the Flesh'? A: The book is authored by George Lakoff, a prominent cognitive scientist and philosopher.
- Q: What topics does the book cover? A: The book explores topics such as consciousness, morality, time, causation, and the self, reexamining how these concepts are influenced by metaphor and bodily experience.
- Q: When was 'Philosophy in the Flesh' published? A: 'Philosophy in the Flesh' was published on October 8, 1999.
- Q: What is the length of the book? A: 'Philosophy in the Flesh' contains 640 pages.
- Q: What is the format of the book? A: The book is available in paperback format.
- Q: Is the book suitable for beginners in philosophy? A: While it presents complex ideas, the book is accessible to readers with a general interest in philosophy and cognitive science, making it suitable for beginners.
- Q: Does 'Philosophy in the Flesh' include empirical evidence? A: Yes, the book references empirical findings from cognitive science to support its arguments about the nature of thought and understanding.
- Q: What philosophical traditions does the book critique? A: The book critiques various philosophical traditions including Cartesian dualism, Kantian ethics, and modern analytic philosophy, questioning their foundational assumptions.
- Q: Can this book help in understanding contemporary philosophy? A: Yes, 'Philosophy in the Flesh' provides insights into contemporary philosophical discussions by linking them to cognitive science and metaphorical thinking.