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Photoreceptors and Calcium (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 514),Used
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2 The role of Ca+ as an internal messenger in visual transduction of vertebrate and invertebrate organisms has been explored intensely in the recent past. Since the 2 early 1970s, calcium ions and cyclic GMP (whose levels are controlled by Ca+ in vertebrates) have been recognized as important second messengers. Particularly in 2 the last decade, however, the role of Ca+ in visual transduction has been reevalu ated and a proliferation of research has documented a multiplicity of roles. 2 It is now evident that Ca+ modulates phototransduction by acting at several 2 sites through a host of small Ca+ binding proteins. For example, in phototransduction 2 of vertebrates, Ca+free forms of guanylate cyclase activating proteins (GCAPs) activate guanylate cyclase, modulating levels of cOMP, a key event in the return of photoreceptors to prebleach conditions. Defects in genes encoding guanylate cy clase or guanylate cyclase activating proteins lead to severe diseases of the retina (e. g., Leber congenital amaurosis, rod/cone dystrophy, or cone dystrophy), thus em phasizing the important role of these proteins in phototransduction. Similarly, mu 2 tant genes encoding cation or Ca+ channels (cyclic nucleotidegated cation chan 2 nels located in the cell membrane and Ltype voltagegated Ca+ channels located at the synapse of photo receptors) lead to retinitis pigmentosa or congenital stationary night blindness. In phototransduction of invertebrate organisms (e. g., Drosophila 2 and Limulus), the role of Ca+ is similarly central, but distinct, from that of vertebrates.
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