
Title

Rules vs. Discretion in Setting Bond Underwriting Fees: The Role of Banking Relationships,Used
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The question of which factors are relevant in determining the dispersion in bond underwriting fees is empirically investigated by analyzing, with the help of heteroscedastic regression models, 1,453 bond issues completed by European firms during the 1998 2008 period. We interpret unexplained deviations as evidence of the banks discretionary use of market power in the bond underwriting fee setting process. Three major results emerge. First, stronger banking relationships tend to increase discretion in bond underwriting fees. Second, conditions and stage of development of capital markets are an important determinant of discretion and it tends to decrease in more developed capital markets. Third, external credit rating agencies provide an important hedge to reputation and potential liability risk for underwriters, which is a key determinant of the direction and strength of the banking relationship effect on the dispersion of underwriting fees. The implications of these findings are also discussed.
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Shipping & Returns
Shipping
We ship your order within 2–3 business days for USA deliveries and 5–8 business days for international shipments. Once your package has been dispatched from our warehouse, you'll receive an email confirmation with a tracking number, allowing you to track the status of your delivery.
Returns
To facilitate a smooth return process, a Return Authorization (RA) Number is required for all returns. Returns without a valid RA number will be declined and may incur additional fees. You can request an RA number within 15 days of the original delivery date. For more details, please refer to our Return & Refund Policy page.
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Warranty
We provide a 2-year limited warranty, from the date of purchase for all our products.
If you believe you have received a defective product, or are experiencing any problems with your product, please contact us.
This warranty strictly does not cover damages that arose from negligence, misuse, wear and tear, or not in accordance with product instructions (dropping the product, etc.).
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Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.
We accept payments with :
Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Paypal, Shopify Payments, Shop Pay and more.