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Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 155.As we become a spacefaring culture, there is an increasing need for reliable methods to forecast the dynamics of electromagnetic fields, thermal plasma, and energetic particles in the geospace environment, as all these factors affect satelliteborne systems. From the electrodynamics viewpoint, on the other hand, the inner magnetosphere is a key element in the SunEarth connection chain of processes. Most notably, it is a region where a significant part of the stormtime energy input from the solar wind is deposited and dissipated.Because the most interesting and crucially important phenomena, as noted, develop relatively close to Earth (in the transition region separating the innermost quasidipolar geomagnetic field from the magnetotail), understanding them is a complex task. Moreover, the stronger the disturbance, the deeper its impact penetrates into the inner magnetosphere. In this region plasma no longer behaves like a fluid, and the motion of energetic charged particles becomes important for the dynamics of the system. This fact leaves particle simulations as a primary tool for studying and understanding the dynamics of the inner magnetosphere during storms. An integral element of such simulations is an electromagnetic field model. Recent studies of the inner magnetosphere have substantially improved our understanding of its dynamics while creating new paradigms and reviving old controversies.
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birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
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