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In this work, Charles Issawi examines the main reasons for the economic decline of the Middle East. He discusses climate, geography, and religion, with particular emphasis on the military elite, whose contempt for artisans and merchants thwarted positive economic initiatives. The role played by minorities and foreigners throughout the region's history is also examined. Finally, the author compares the economic histories of different Middle Eastern countries with each other, and with other areas of the world where similar conditions prevailed.
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birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
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