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The Paradox of Plenty explains why, in the midst of two massive oil booms in the 1970s, oilexporting governments as different as Venezuela, Iran, Nigeria, Algeria, and Indonesia chose common development paths and suffered similarly disappointing outcomes. Meticulously documented and theoretically innovative, this book illuminates the manifold factorseconomic, political, and socialthat determine the nature of the oil state, from the coherence of public bureaucracies, to the degree of centralization, to patterns of policymaking.Karl contends that oil countries, while seemingly disparate, are characterized by similar social classes and patterns of collective action. In these countries, dependence on petroleum leads to disproportionate fiscal reliance on petrodollars and public spending, at the expense of statecraft. Oil booms, which create the illusion of prosperity and development, actually destabilize regimes by reinforcing oilbased interests and further weakening state capacity.Karl's incisive investigation unites structural and choicebased approaches by illuminating how decisions of policymakers are embedded in institutions interacting with domestic and international markets. This approachwhich Karl dubs 'structured contingency'uses a state's leading sector as the starting point for identifying a range of decisionmaking choices, and ends by examining the dynamics of the state itself.
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