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Ultradian Rhythms from Molecules to Mind: A New Vision of Life,Used
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5. 1. 1 Biological Rhythms and Clocks From an evolutionary perspective, the adaptation of an organisms behavior to its environment has depended on one of lifes fundamental traits: biological rhythm generation. In virtually all lightsensitive organisms from cyanobacteria to humans, biological clocks adapt cyclic physiology to geophysical time with timekeeping properties in the circadian (24 h), ultradian (24 h) domains (Edmunds, 1988; Lloyd, 1998; Lloyd et al. , 2001; Lloyd and Murray, 2006; Lloyd, 2007; Pittendrigh, 1993; Sweeney and Hastings, 1960) By definition, all rhythms exhibit regular periodicities since they constitute a mechanism of timing. Timing exerted by oscillatory mechanisms are found throughout the biological world and their periods span a wide range from milliseconds, as in the action potential of n rons and the myocytes, to the slow evolutionary changes that require thousands of generations. In this context, to understand the synchronization of a population of coupled oscillators is an important problem for the dynamics of physiology in living systems (Aon et al. , 2007a, b; Kuramoto, 1984; Strogatz, 2003; Winfree, 1967). Circadian rhythms, the most intensively studied, are devoted to measuring daily 24 h cycles. A variety of physiological processes in a wide range of eukaryotic organisms display circadian rhythmicity which is characterized by the following major properties (Anderson et al. , 1985; Edmunds, 1988): (i) stable, autonomous (selfsustaining) oscillations having a freerunning period under constant envir mental conditions of ca.
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